Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen): The Father of Optics


 The Islamic Golden Age (8th–13th centuries) was a period marked by remarkable advances in science, philosophy, medicine, mathematics, and technology. In centers of learning such as Baghdad, Cordoba, Cairo, and Samarkand, Muslim scholars built upon the foundation of earlier civilizations, developed the scientific method, and produced original research that transformed the world. Among hundreds of contributors, five scientists stand out for their indelible impact and lasting legacy.


1. Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen): The Father of Optics

Lifespan: 965–1040 CE

Fields: Optics, Physics, Mathematics, Astronomy, Engineering


Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, known in the West as Alhazen, revolutionized the understanding of light, vision, and scientific experimentation. Born in Basra, he later worked in Cairo, where he conducted pioneering research that still reverberates in modern science.


Major Contributions

Book of Optics (Kitab al-Manazir): In this seven-volume treatise, Ibn al-Haytham debunked Greek emission theories of vision, proving instead that vision occurs when light reflects from an object and enters the eye. He defined the principles of reflection and refraction, and experimented with lenses, mirrors, and camera obscura.


Scientific Method: He was among the first to advocate experimental verification and controlled studies, laying the groundwork for the modern scientific method.


Mathematical Physics: Studied the movement of bodies and explored the laws of motion, anticipating later discoveries in physics.


Astronomy: Designed experiments to measure atmospheric refraction and mapped celestial phenomena.


Ibn al-Haytham’s insistence on empirical proof, skepticism of received wisdom, and rigor in experimentation make him a forerunner of the modern scientist.

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